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Western Europe and the Near East. In the 11th century Kyiv became one of the largest centers of civilization in the Christian World.
In 1240 Kyiv was almost completely destroyed by Tatar Mongols under the leadership of Baty Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan. Although the Tatar Mongols ruled for almost a century, Kyiv remained an important political, trade and cultural center. In 1482 Kyiv was again almost completely destroyed by the Tatars.
The Kievan Rus' state disintegrated in the 12th-13th centuries. The successor to the Kievan Rus'-Ukraine state was the Galician-Volynian Principality, which was founded by Danylo Halytsky and existed from the I3th to the 15th century.
After a lengthy period of struggle for its independence from Lithuania and Poland, Ukraine re-appeared on the political map of Europe with the emergence of the military organisation of the Zaporozhyan Kozak Sich, whose armies, led by Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, waged the national-liberation wars of 1648-1654. However, this brief period of Ukrainian sovereignty was followed by centuries of colonial
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